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HKU Ecologists Unveil Critical Insights into Marine Biodiversity Dynamics Using Environmental DNA

A study led by the eDNA & eEcology lab at the School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong (HKU) has harnessed environmental DNA (eDNA) to decode the hidden impacts of human activities on marine biodiversity, offering new tools to monitor and combat ecosystem degradation. The study was led by Professor Mathew SEYMOUR, with key support from Ms Vivy Zhewei SI and collaboration with an international team of marine ecologists and geneticists, including Professor David BAKER, the interim Director of the Swire Institute of Marine Science (SWIMS). Their work underscores HKU’s leadership in marine conservation and its commitment to addressing global biodiversity challenges through innovative scientific approaches. The Silent Crisis in Our Oceans Marine biodiversity is under unprecedented threat from human activities, including coastal development, pollution, aquaculture, and overfishing. While the decline of coral reefs and fisheries has garnered global attention, our understanding of the broader impacts on marine ecosystems is still largely lacking. This is partially due to traditional monitoring methods, which rely on labour-intensive surveys and are often limited in their ability to capture the rapid and complex changes occurring in marine environments. To address this, Prof. Seymour’s team utilised eDNA metabarcoding, which offers relatively continuous, high-resolution snapshots of real-time dynamic changes in marine communities, revealing how human stressors disrupt ecosystems. A Race Against Time The study involved deploying 12 large-scale mesocosms (experimental tanks) seeded with Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures (ARMS) that were previously colonised from natural reef habitats at SWIMS. Over a seven-month period, the team collected 240 eDNA water samples from the mesocosms to analyse three key eDNA and biological phases: 1) biodiversity accumulation, 2) response to human stressors, and 3) eDNA degradation. Species richness (i.e., the number of unique species) initially surged as ARMS were introduced into the mesocosms, stabilised during exposure to human stressors, and plummeted during the degradation phases after ARMS removal. During the response to human stressors phase, it found that aquaculture waste, particularly fish feed, significantly disrupted community composition, favouring groups like Gastropoda while suppressing algae. Significant changes in families such as Lithodesmiaceae (algae) and Haminoeidae (sea snails) highlight their potential as bioindicators under environmental stress. Additionally, the study highlighted variations in eDNA decay rates among species, with fish DNA degrading the fastest while algae and invertebrates persisted longer—a finding that could inform future monitoring strategies. Twelve large-scale mesocosms were involved in this study at HKU’s Swire Institute of Marine Science (SWIMS). Photo courtesy of Vivy Zhewei Si.   Bridging Gaps in Conservation Coral reefs, vital to marine biodiversity, are declining globally due to sedimentation and pollution. Yet, traditional surveys often miss cryptic species or fail to capture fine-scale changes. “eDNA allows us to see the invisible—tracking entire communities in real-time, not just individual species,” explained lead author Zhewei Si. “For the first time, we’ve quantified how stressors like fish feeding alter ecosystems at a molecular level.” While sedimentation and fertiliser treatments showed limited immediate impacts, the stark effects of fish feed underscore the need for stricter aquaculture regulations. “Even legal activities can destabilise ecosystems,” warned the team. “eDNA isn’t just a tool for science—it’s a lifeline for policymakers to act before species vanish.” “This study is just the beginning,” said Professor Seymour. “As we refine eDNA techniques, we’ll be able to improve local and regional monitoring of marine biodiversity, with extension to the global scale, providing the data needed to protect our oceans for generations to come.” Click here to learn more about the research.  Researchers:    Ms Vivy Zhewei SI   Professor Mathew SEYMOUR    

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Researchers Receive Environment and Conservation Fund to Drive Green Solutions

Our scientists have always been committed to advancing sustainable solutions. In the latest announcement of the Environment and Conservation Fund (ECF) of the HKSAR Government, the Faculty of Science has secured over HK$4.8 million under the ‘Research and Development Projects’ scheme. This achievement enables our researchers to further investigate and develop impactful strategies for environmental protection and conservation of natural resources. A summary of the approved funding is provided below: Projector Coordinator Department/School Project Title Approved Fund Project Duration Prof.  ASHTON Louise Amy Biological Sciences Environment and Conservation Fund Constructing the First DNA Barcode Reference Library of Hong Kong Moths HK$ 1,318,639 36 months Prof. BAKER David Michael Biological Sciences Environment and Conservation Fund Isotopic Methods for Protecting Incense Trees (Aquilaria sinensis) in Hong Kong SAR HK$ 1,513,280 36 months Prof. LEE Seungkyu Chemistry Environment and Conservation Fund Materials Development for Liquid Hydrogen Storage Systems with Reduced Boil-Off Rate HK$ 398,000 20 months Prof. SCHUNTER Celia Marei Biological Sciences Environment and Conservation Fund Unveiling the Hidden Threats in the Global Fish Maw Trade: A Baseline for Species Protection and Regulation HK$ 469,000 20 months Prof. HUGHES Alice Catherine Biological Sciences Environment and Conservation Fund for Species Identification of Ahermatypic Scleractinain Corals in Hong Kong Waters HK$ 486,000 18 months Prof. GAITÁN-ESPITIA Juan Diego Biological Sciences Environment and Conservation Fund Expansion Dynamics and Ecological Impacts of the Invasive Saltmarsh Spartina alterniflora in Hong Kong: Management Implications for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning of Coastal Wetlands HK$ 659,200 24 months

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HKU Biologists Uncover How a Genetic Player Fuels Liver Cancer by Disrupting Fat Metabolism

Figure 1. Mechanism of how genetic player VPS72 impacts liver cancer. Too much VPS72 in cells activates the cancer-promoting pathway, which increases fat production and helps liver cancer grow. This study shows a new connection between fat buildup and liver cancer, suggesting new treatment possibilities. Image adapted from the respective paper at Advanced Science.   Liver cancer is a lethal disease with limited treatment options for advanced stages. While risk factors such as viral hepatitis, alcohol use, and obesity increase the likelihood of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, the progression of liver cancer), scientists are racing to uncover the hidden biological mechanisms that fuel tumour growth. Recent research led by Professor Jiangwen ZHANG of the School of Biological Sciences at The University of Hong Kong (HKU) has uncovered how a key genetic culprit, VPS72, drives the development of liver cancer by disrupting fat metabolism and manipulating gene activity. The team’s findings have been published in Advanced Science. The Fat-Liver Cancer Connection The liver is the body’s metabolic powerhouse, responsible for balancing fat production and breakdown. In healthy individuals, this process is tightly controlled. However, in HCC, liver cells accumulate excessive fat droplets, fuelling tumours to grow uncontrollably. This fat buildup is largely controlled by a key cellular pathway known as mTORC1, a molecular switch that activates fat-producing genes, and by SREBP proteins, which act as master regulators that directly control enzymes involved in fat synthesis. In cancer cells, mTORC1 becomes hyperactive, ramping up fat production and creating a vicious cycle that promotes tumour growth. The Role of Genetic Driver VPS72 in Liver Cancer Development Professor Zhang and his team discovered that VPS72, a gene that modifies how DNA is packaged inside cells, is overactive and abnormally amplified (i.e., present in extra copies) in over 50% of HCC patients. This amplification is linked to poorer survival rates, suggesting that this genetic player plays a central role in cancer progression. Here is how the mechanism works:   DNA Packaging: VPS72 helps attach specific proteins to DNA, which affects whether certain genes are turned on or off. Suppressing Protective Genes: VPS72 adds chemical tags to the promoter of gene ATF3, which normally helps prevent cancer growth. This tagging shuts down the production of ATF3, leading to the overactivity of a cancer-promoting pathway called mTORC1. Increasing Fat Production: When mTORC1 is overactive, it boosts proteins that increase the production of fats. This results in cancer cells being flooded with fats, providing them with energy and materials needed to grow rapidly.   In short, this genetic player acts like a rogue conductor: it silences protective genes, promotes the cancer pathway and forces liver cells to overproduce fat —a perfect storm for cancer. A New Target for Liver Cancer Treatment These findings offer new hope for targeted therapies. One approach is to design drugs that block VPS72's interaction with H2A.Z proteins, potentially stopping the DNA changes that lead to cancer. Another strategy involves using existing drugs that inhibit mTORC1, a pathway already targeted in other cancers, which could be repurposed for liver cancer patients with increased VPS72 activity. By focusing on VPS72 and the pathways it affects, Professor Zhang’s team hopes to stop cancer from progressing. “Our research shows that the gene VPS72 plays two key roles in liver cancer (HCC): it affects both how genes are controlled and how fat metabolism goes wrong. The findings help explain how liver cancer develops and suggest new ways to treat cancers driven by abnormal fat metabolism,” said Professor Jiangwen Zhang, corresponding author of the study.  This research uncovers a critical link between genetic regulation, fat metabolism, and liver cancer. By targeting the genetic player VPS72 and its cancer-promoting pathway, scientists hope to open the door to more precise and effective treatments—potentially turning off a key fuel supply that liver tumours depend on. The full research paper can be accessed at:  https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/advs.202411368   Figure 2. Professor Jiangwen ZHANG (second from the left) from HKU School of Biological Sciences and his research team.

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HKU Astrophysicists Lead Research Team to Uncover the Role of Binary Star Evolution in the Origin of a Retrograde Planet

Most stars in the Universe exist in binary or multiple star systems, where the presence of close-in companion stars in such systems can adversely influence the formation and orbital stability of planets around one of the stars. An international team of astrophysicists led by Professor Man Hoi LEE from the Department of Earth Sciences and the Department of Physics at The University of Hong Kong (HKU) and Mr Ho Wan CHENG, an MPhil student in his team, has confirmed the existence of a planet in an unprecedented retrograde orbit (moving in the opposite direction to the binary’s orbit) in the nu Octantis binary star system and revealed the role of binary star evolution in the origin of this planet. The findings have been published in the journal Nature. nu Octantis is a tight binary star system comprising a primary subgiant star, nu Oct A, with about 1.6 times the mass of the Sun, and a secondary star, nu Oct B, with about half the mass of the Sun. The two stars orbit each other with a period of 1,050 days. An additional periodic signal in the radial velocity observations (measurements of how a star moves towards or away from us) of this system was first reported by Dr David RAMM, a co-author of this new paper, during his PhD studies at the University of Canterbury, New Zealand, in 2004. This signal was consistent with the presence of a Jovian planet of about twice the mass of Jupiter orbiting around the primary star, nu Oct A, with a period of about 400 days. However, the existence of this planet has been controversial because its orbit would be so wide that it could only remain stable if it were retrograde and moved in the opposite direction to the orbit of the binary. There were no observational precedents for such a planet and strong theoretical grounds against its formation. To settle the debate, the research team obtained new high-precision radial velocity observations using the European Southern Observatory (ESO)’s HARPS spectrograph, which confirmed the existence of the planet signal. ‘We performed an analysis of the new and archival radial velocity data spanning 18 years and found stable fits that require the planetary orbit to be retrograde and nearly in the same plane as the binary orbit,” said Mr Ho Wan CHENG, the first author of the paper. Another key focus of the new study was the determination of the nature of the secondary star nu Oct B. The mass of nu Oct B suggests that it could be either a low-mass main-sequence star or a white dwarf. All stars spend most of their lives on the main sequence, generating energy through nuclear fusion of hydrogen to helium in their core. After a star has exhausted its nuclear fuel, its core collapses into a stellar remnant, which would be a white dwarf if the star’s initial mass is less than several times that of the Sun. A white dwarf has a mass comparable to that of the Sun packed in an Earth-sized volume. To identify which type of star nu Oct B is, the research team used the adaptive optics imaging instrument SPHERE at ESO’s Very Large Telescope to observe the system. The fact that nu Oct B was not detected in these observations indicated that it must be a very faint white dwarf. This suggests that the binary system has evolved significantly since its formation, as nu Oct B has already ejected most of its mass and entered the final stage of its stellar evolution. The research team looked into the possible primordial configurations of the binary — that is, the initial masses of the two stars and the initial orbit of the binary. ‘We found that the system is about 2.9 billion years old and that nu Oct B was initially about 2.4 times the mass of the Sun and evolved to a white dwarf about 2 billion years ago,’ said Cheng. ‘Our analysis showed that the planet could not have formed around nu Oct A at the same time as the stars.’ The discovery that nu Oct B is a white dwarf opens new possibilities for how the retrograde planet may have originated. ‘When nu Oct B evolved into a white dwarf about 2 billion years ago, the planet could have formed in a retrograde disc of material around nu Oct A accreted from the mass ejected by nu Oct B, or it could be captured from a prograde orbit around the binary into a retrograde orbit around nu Oct A,’ explained Professor Man Hoi LEE. ‘We might be witnessing the first compelling case of a second-generation planet; either captured, or formed from material expelled by nu Oct B, which lost more than 75% of its primordial mass to become a white dwarf, ’ added Dr Trifon TRIFONOV of Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg in Germany and Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski in Bulgaria and a co-author of the paper. ‘The key to this exciting discovery was the use of several complementary methods to characterise the system in its entirety,’ said PD Dr Sabine REFFERT of Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg and another co-author of the paper. As astronomers continue to search for planets in different environments, this study highlights that planets in tight binary systems with evolved stellar components could offer unique insights into the formation and evolution of planets. This research utilises two facilities operated by the European Southern Observatory (ESO), specifically the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) spectrograph at the ESO's 3.6-metre La Silla telescope and the Spectro-Polarimetric High-contrast Exoplanet Research (SPHERE) instrument at the Very Large Telescope. Click here to view the video about the research.  For more details, please refer to the journal paper ‘A retrograde planet in a tight binary star system with a white dwarf’, published in Nature. 

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HKU Chemists Develop Compact Catenane with Tuneable Mechanical Chirality, Offering New Possibilities for the Design and Application of Mechanically Interlocked Molecules

A team of chemists from The University of Hong Kong (HKU), in collaboration with international scientists, has made significant strides in the field of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs). Their work, recently published in the prestigious journal Nature Synthesis, showcases the development of a compact catenane with tuneable mechanical chirality, offering promising applications in areas such as material science, nanotechnology, and pharmaceuticals. The research was a collaborative effort led by the late Nobel Laureate Professor Fraser STODDART, alongside Research Assistant Professors Dr Chun TANG and Dr Ruihua ZHANG from HKU's Department of Chemistry. Contributions also came from researchers at HKU, Northwestern University and other global institutions. Catenanes and Mechanical Chirality Catenanes are unique molecular structures formed by the mechanical interlocking of two or more rings, akin to chain links. Unlike covalent bonds, these rings are held together by mechanical forces. Mechanical chirality refers to the chirality arising from the non-superimposable spatial arrangement of interlocked molecular rings, which can significantly impact their properties and functions. In this study, researchers demonstrated that two achiral rings with specific symmetrical features can create a catenane with mechanical chirality through an innovative isostructural desymmetrisation strategy. This allows the catenane to adopt a compact co-conformation, similar to its achiral counterpart. When interlocked in this compact form, the rings lose their individual symmetry and form chiral structures that cannot overlap with their mirror images, a property known as chirality in chemistry.  Technical Innovation and Methodology The research team has developed a catenane with tuneable chirality, achieved through chiral induction and advanced synthetic techniques. By introducing chiral disulfonate molecules, they can favour one mirror-image form over the other, allowing precise control over the catenane's behaviour in solutions and solid crystals. This tunability, driven by a compact design and strategic molecular geometry adjustments, suggests promising applications in smart materials, and nanotechnology and novel drug design. Computational modelling and experimental validation have enabled the manipulation of chirality by controlling the interaction and mechanical movements of the interlocked rings, allowing transitions between different chiral states. The researchers also revealed that the equilibrium between these enantiomers can be adjusted by introducing certain chiral molecules, inducing chirality and optical activity. Potential Applications In nanotechnology, these catenanes could be used to create molecular machines with specific chiral functionalities that perform tasks such as molecular recognition or targeted drug delivery. In materials science, the tunable properties of these structures could lead to the development of new materials and composites with customisable mechanical and optical characteristics for sensing and other applications. “The ability to create and control mechanical chirality in catenanes opens up new avenues for the development of advanced functional materials and artificial molecular machines,” said Dr Tang. “Our findings highlight the potential of using mechanical bonds to create chirality, which could have important implications for the field of chemistry and materials science.” The Research Team and Collaborators This research not only showcases the innovative capabilities of HKU's Department of Chemistry but also underscores the importance of international collaboration in advancing scientific knowledge. The study was supported by the University Research Committee of HKU, the US Department of Energy, and the Starry Night Science Fund of Zhejiang University Shanghai Institute for Advanced Study. This research is a collaboration among Professor Fraser Stoddart, Research Assistant Professors Chun TANG and Ruihua ZHANG from The University of Hong Kong, Professor Michael R WASIELEWSKI and Professor Evan A SCOTT from Northwestern University in the United States, and Professor Zhi Li from ShanghaiTech University. The international team also includes Drs. Han HAN, Guangcheng WU, and Yong WU, as well as Professor Aspen X-Y CHEN, Paige J BROWN, Ryan M YOUNG, Xueze ZHAO, Arthur H G DAVID, Bo SONG, Alexandre ABHERVE, Yu-Meng YE, Yuanning FENG, and Charlotte L STERN, all of whom made significant contributions to this research project. Professor Fraser STODDART passed away on December 30, 2024. At the time of submission, he was one of the corresponding authors. The journal paper “A Compact Catenane with Tuneable Mechanical Chirality” can be accessed from here: https://www.nature.com/articles/s44160-025-00781-z   The research group and their collaborators

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HKU Chemists Develop Breakthrough Material for Clean Energy Storage

A team of chemists at The University of Hong Kong (HKU) has made a breakthrough in materials chemistry that could change the way we store clean energy. Led by the late Nobel Laureate Professor Fraser Stoddart, the team developed RP-H200, a hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF) with the largest pores ever recorded in its category. This breakthrough could lead to advancements in clean energy storage, drug delivery, and environmental applications, and their research was recently published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.   What Makes This Material Special? Creating large pores in molecular crystals without compromising their stability has always been difficult. The HKU team succeeded by developing RP-H200, a unique structure made from noncoplanar organic molecules held together by hydrogen bonds, similar to how Lego works. With pores measuring 3.6 nanometers and a surface area comparable to one-third of a football field per gram, this material is exceptional at storing gases like methane and hydrogen, opening doors to new sustainable technologies. How Was It Done? The team, including Dr. Ruihua Zhang and Dr. Chun Tang, used a new design to create RP-H200. They engineered the molecules to form a double-walled, honeycomb-like structure with aromatic surfaces that improve gas storage. At normal room temperature and pressure, RP-H200 can store more methane than many current materials. It is also very stable in heat, solvents, and humid conditions, making it useful for practical applications. Why Is This Important? The large pores in RP-H200 make it perfect for storing important fuels like methane and hydrogen, which are crucial for clean energy vehicles. It could also help in delivering drugs to specific areas of the body or capturing carbon dioxide to fight climate change. Its ability to be reused and processed easily adds to its potential for sustainable technology.  “This research demonstrates a viable pathway for constructing robust mesoporous molecular crystals with diverse pore chemistries, paving the avenue for future applications,” said Dr Zhang.  Who Was Involved? This milestone highlights the innovative prowess of HKU’s Department of Chemistry and the value of global collaboration. The study was supported by the University Research Committee of HKU, including the URC Seed Fund for Basic Research for New Staff 2024-25 (RIMS Project code: 2401102766).   The project involved an international team, including Professor Fraser Stoddart, Research Assistant Professors Ruihua Zhang and Chun Tang from HKU, Professor Shuliang Yang from Xiamen University, Professor Penghao Li from The University of Mississippi. Additional contributors included Drs. Han Han, Yong Wu, Guangcheng Wu, Xueze Zhao, Bai-Tong Liu, Sheng-Nan Lei, Bohan Tang, Enxu Liu, and Yi-Kang Xing from HKU, Professor Christos D. Malliakas and Charlotte L. Stern from Northwestern University, all of whom played vital roles. The journal article, titled “Double-Walled Mesoporous Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks with High Methane Storage Capacity,” is available at: https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5c02705.  

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HKU Biologists Identify the protein DNM1 as a Key Regulator in Ovarian Cancer Metastasis

Ovarian cancer remains the leading cause of death among cancers affecting the female reproductive system, largely because current treatments are not effective once the cancer has spread (metastasised) beyond the ovaries. A recent study led by Professor Alice WONG, Interim Director from the HKU School of Biological Sciences of The University of Hong Kong (HKU), has identified a critical factor driving this metastasis, offering promising new directions for targeted treatment strategies. The team’s findings have just been published in Protein and Cell. The researchers focused on a biological process called epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition(EMT). This process makes cancer cells more flexible and able to move, which helps them spread and makes the disease harder to treat. Scientists have struggled to find a part of this process that can be targeted with drugs. To tackle this challenge, the team employed a master regulator (MR) algorithm to analyse regulatory networks of gene and protein interactions. By analysing data from over 8,000 patient samples across 20 cancer types in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), they identified dynamin 1 (DNM1) as a novel, non-transcriptional regulator of EMT. Unlike traditional regulators that control gene expression and are difficult to target, DNM1 acts through alternative cellular mechanisms, presenting novel treatment opportunities. Notably, higher levels of DNM1 were found in patients with advanced disease and mesenchymal subtypes, and these elevated levels were associated with worse survival outcomes. This discovery suggests that targeting DNM1 could be a valuable strategy to improve outcomes for these patients. Experimental Insights In cell-based experiments, inhibiting DNM1 in aggressive ovarian cancer cells significantly reduced their ability to migrate. It also lowered levels of N-cadherin, a key EMT marker linked to aggressive cancer behaviour. On the other hand, increasing DNM1 in non-metastatic cells made them more invasive and increased N-cadherin levels. Animal studies also confirmed that reducing DNM1 led to less cancer spread within the abdomen, reinforcing DNM1’s role in promoting metastasis. The researchers discovered that DNM1 works by helping cancer cells take in (endocytose) and reuse (recycle) N-cadherin, a process that maintains cell polarity and enables migration. These functions are crucial for allowing cancer cells to become more mobile and invasive, contributing to their spread throughout the body. Notably, the integration of ATAC-seq and RNA-seq analyses showed that non-metastatic cells exhibited higher expression of the glycosyltransferase gene B3GALT1, potentially inhibiting EMT by reducing N-cadherin recycling. Intriguingly, metastatic cells with high DNM1 were more efficient at taking up nanoparticle-based drugs, suggesting a potential advantage for targeted nanomedicine. Conclusion and Future Directions Overall, these findings establish the DNM1-N-cadherin axis as a critical regulator of EMT-associated ovarian cancer metastasis and suggest its potential as a biomarker for targeted nanodrug therapy. This research not only enhances our understanding of the mechanisms driving ovarian cancer but also opens new avenues for developing effective therapeutic strategies against this aggressive disease. For those eager to explore this fascinating research further, the full details can be found in the journal Protein and Cell under the title ‘Dynamin 1-mediated endocytic recycling of glycosylated N-cadherin sustains the plastic mesenchymal state to promote ovarian cancer metastasis’ .   Diagram illustrating how DNM1 regulates EMT and metastasis. High levels of DNM1 enhance N-cadherin endocytic recycling, leading to increased metastasis and greater potential for nanotherapy. In contrast, elevated B3GALT1 levels reduce N-cadherin expression in non-metastatic tumors, which limits their metastatic ability. Image adapted from BioArt.

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HKU Physicists Uncover Hidden Order in the Quantum World Through Deconfined Quantum Critical Points

In the intricate world of quantum physics, where particles interact in ways that seem to defy the standard rules of space and time, lies a profound mystery that continues to captivate scientists: the nature of deconfined quantum critical points (DQCPs). These elusive critical phenomena break away from the conventional framework of physics, offering a fascinating glimpse into a realm where quantum matter behaves in ways that challenge our classical understanding of the fundamental forces shaping the universe. A recent study, led by Professor Zi Yang MENG and co-authored by his PhD student Menghan SONG of HKU Department of Physics, in collaboration with researchers from the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Yale University, University of California, Santa Barbara, Ruhr-University Bochum and TU Dresden, has unravelled some of the secrets concealed within the entangled web of quantum systems. Their findings, recently published in the prestigious journal Science Advances, push the boundaries of modern physics and offer a fresh perspective on how quantum matter operates at these enigmatic junctures. The study not only deepens our understanding of quantum mechanics but also paves the way for future discoveries that could revolutionise technology, materials science, and even our understanding of the cosmos. What are Deconfined Quantum Critical Points? In everyday life, we are familiar with phase transitions, such as water freezing into ice or boiling into steam. These transitions are well-understood and explained by thermodynamics. However, in the realm of quantum physics, phase transitions can occur at absolute zero temperature (-273.15 °C), driven not by thermal energy but by quantum fluctuations — tiny, unpredictable movements of particles at the smallest scales. These are known as quantum critical points. Traditional quantum critical points act as boundaries between two distinct states: a symmetry-broken phase (ordered phase), where particles are neatly arranged, and a disordered phase, where particles are jumbled and chaotic. This kind of transition is well-described by the Landau theory, a framework that has been the foundation of our understanding of phase transitions for decades. But deconfined quantum critical points (DQCPs) break this mould. Instead of a sharp boundary separating an ordered phase from a disordered phase, DQCPs lie between two different ordered phases, each with its own unique symmetry-breaking pattern, meaning the way particles are arranged or interact in one phase is fundamentally different from the other. This is unusual because, traditionally, phase transitions involve moving from an ordered state to a disorder one, not from one type of order to another. This distinction makes DQCPs fundamentally different and highly intriguing. Scientists have debated for decades whether DQCPs represent continuous phase transitions (which are smooth and gradual) or first-order transitions (which are sudden and abrupt). Understanding DQCPs could provide new insights into how particles interact and how exotic states of matter emerge. The Key to the Mystery: Entanglement Entropy At the heart of this new study lies the concept of entanglement entropy, a measure of how particles in quantum systems are interrelated. It provides a way to quantify the amount of information shared between different parts of a system. Entanglement entropy offers a glimpse into the hidden structure of quantum systems, serving as a fundamental tool for probing quantum matter and understanding the nature of complex interactions that emerge at critical points. Using advanced quantum Monte Carlo simulations (a computational method for modelling quantum systems) and rigorous theoretical analysis, researchers examine the behaviour of entanglement entropy in square-lattice SU(N) spin models — a theoretical framework designed to capture the essence of DQCPs. Their meticulous computations revealed something extraordinary: at small value N (a parameter that determines the symmetry of the system), the behaviour of entanglement entropy deviated from expectations for smooth, continuous phase transitions. Instead, they found that DQCPs exhibit anomalous logarithmic behaviors, defyingthe theoretical constraints typically associated with continuous phase transitions. The Breakthrough: A Critical Threshold and Conformal Fixed Points One of the most striking revelations of the study was the identification of a critical threshold value of N. When N exceeds this threshold, DQCPs exhibit behaviours consistent with conformal fixed points — a mathematical framework that describes smooth, continuous phase transitions. This discovery is significant because it suggests that, under certain conditions, DQCPs can resemble continuous phase transitions. At these critical points, the system aligns with conformal fixed points, revealing a hidden structure in the quantum world where the boundaries between distinct phases dissolve, and matter exists in a state of extraordinary fluidity, defying the usual rules of physics. Why This Matters The implications of these findings are profound. DQCPs provide a unique testing ground for exploring the interplay of quantum mechanics, symmetry, and critical phenomena. Understanding their nature could unlock new insights into: Exotic States of Matter: DQCPs are believed to be connected to the emergence of exotic phases, such as quantum spin liquids, which have potential applications in quantum computing and other advanced technologies. Fundamental Physics: By challenging the traditional Landau paradigm, DQCPs force us to rethink the principles that govern phase transitions, potentially leading to new theoretical frameworks. Technological Innovation: Insights gained from studying DQCPs could inform the design of novel materials with unique quantum properties, such as high-temperature superconductors or quantum magnets. Conclusion The enigmatic world of deconfined quantum critical points stands at the frontier of modern physics, offering a glimpse into the uncharted territory of quantum mechanics. Through their meticulous investigation of entanglement entropy and SU(N) spin models, researchers have made significant strides in unravelling the mysteries of these critical phenomena. This study was conducted in collaboration with Dr Jiarui ZHAO from the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Professor Meng CHENG from Yale University, Professor Cenke XU from the University of California, Santa Barbara, Professor Michael M. SCHERER from Ruhr-University Bochum, and Professor Lukas JANSSEN from TU Dresden. For those eager to explore this fascinating research further, the full details can be found in the journal Science Advances under the title ‘Evolution of entanglement entropy at SU(N) deconfined quantum critical points’ at the link: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adr0634. Figure 1. (A) Lattice model for realising the deconfined quantum phase transition. (B) The phase diagram for the square lattice SU(N) model. Dots represent the quantum phase transition points. Red points are those not compatible with a continuous phase transition and blue points are those consistent with conformal field theories, i.e., candidates for genuine DQCP. Figure 2. The scaling of entanglement entropy (EE) at SU(N) DQCPs. At N<Nc≈8, scaling of EE obtains a finite sub-leading log-correction, reflecting as the positive slope for red lines in panel (B), while for N>Nc, the anomalous log-correction disappears and therefore the DQCPs are possibly continuous. Figure 3. The sub-leading log-coefficient from four π/2 corners at large-N and the red line indicating the corresponding Gaussian value. The inset shows 4s(π/2)/N as a function of 1/N, together with a linear fit which agrees with the Gaussian value (solid line) for N→∞.

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HKU Ecologists Lead International Effort to Understand Declining Insect Biodiversity in the Tropics

Professor Louise ASHTON Dr Michael BOYLE A team of ecologists from The University of Hong Kong (HKU) are leading an international initiative to investigate the decline of insect populations in the world’s tropical forests. Insects, the most abundant and diverse group of animals on Earth, are experiencing alarming declines, prompting this research effort. The team’s work has earned them an invitation to lead a review on the topic for Nature Reviews Biodiversity, a new journal from the high-impact Nature Portfolio, showcasing HKU’s status as a global centre of excellence for tropical ecology and conservation.   The research was led by Dr Michael BOYLE and Professor Louise ASHTON from the HKU School of Biological Sciences, with contributions from Dr Adam SHARP, Dr Martha LEDGER, Dr Michel DONGMO and Professor Timothy BONEBRAKE from the same school. This collaborative effort spans continents, involving scientists from South America, Asia, Africa, Australia and Europe. It exemplifies how innovative insights into some of the most pressing current issues can arise from global scientific partnerships.   Understanding the Status of Tropical Insects in a Changing World Insects play a crucial role in the functioning of ecosystems, but alarmingly they may be facing declines globally. While most of our knowledge comes from studies conducted in Europe, most insect species inhabit in tropical rainforests, where our understanding remains surprisingly limited. In tropical regions, insects face numerous threats including urbanisation, habitat loss and fragmentation, and pollution from agriculture and urban areas. The team notes that insects on tropical islands are particularly vulnerable to invasive species, with many unique species already extinct due to this threat. More broadly, climate change poses a huge threat to insect populations across the tropics, not just through rising temperatures but through disruptions to crucial weather cycles such as El Niño and La Niña.   The scientists explain how declining insect biodiversity may have knock-on consequences for ecosystem processes such as carbon cycling, which could impact the Earth globally. Changes in the ecosystem balance could also lead to increased outbreaks of pests and insect-vectored diseases such as dengue and malaria in humans, as well as similar diseases in livestock, affecting global health and reducing food security. The team emphasises that large gaps remain in our understanding due to insufficient data from tropical forests. However, recent advances in artificial intelligence and genetic methods are beginning to address these challenges.    ‘Despite the relative lack of data in the tropics, the review highlights many reasons for concern regarding the status of tropical insects,’ said Professor Timothy Bonebrake, one of the key authors of the review. ‘We need more research, and our review points to directions to this end – but we also need to conserve habitats now and implement other conservation interventions to maintain tropical biodiversity.’   Laying the Foundations for Future Research Over the past three years, the team has conducted extensive field research across tropical Australia and Asia, revisiting forests where insect studies were previously undertaken. The ongoing research in Lamington National Park, Australia and Danum Valley Conservation Area, Borneo, involves collecting ants, moths, beetles and butterflies using specialised traps to assess how climate change has re-wired these populations over the last two decades. Similar studies are being carried out in Yunnan, China and Daintree, Australia, including the use of tower cranes to collect insects from the rainforest canopy.   The team’s diligent work lays the groundwork for future research at HKU. They plan to study the ecological roles and functions of insect species to understand how changing populations will impact tropical forest ecosystems. They suspect that the important processes provided by beneficial insects, including regulating forest growth through herbivory and nutrient cycling, are dwindling over time. Such analyses have never before been undertaken using such large volumes of data from so many tropical forest locations and over such long-time spans.    ‘Most studies of insect declines are from modified landscapes in Europe and North America,’ said Professor Louise Ashton, corresponding author of the review.’ However, most insect biodiversity is in the tropics. Due to a lack of long-term monitoring data, we do not fully understand how insect diversity changes over time. This review and our related projects highlight this issue and bring together new long-term insect data to help understand potential tropical insect declines and their consequences for ecological functioning.’   Click here to view the full paper.   Praying mantis (Deroplatys sp.) at Danum Valley Conservation Area, Borneo. (Photo courtesy: Marco Chan) Professor Louise Ashton (front) working in the field of Maliau Basin Conservation Area, Borneo, with Bartosz Majcher.  (Photo courtesy: Louise Ashton) Dr Michael Boyle collecting leaf litter insects at Danum Valley Conservation Area, Borneo.   (Photo courtesy: Louise Ashton)  

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Revolutionising Drug Discovery through AI

Dr Serena YANG Co-founder and CEO AILSI (AI and Life Sciences Institute (HK)) PhD alumna (Chemistry)   Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming drug discovery, revolutionising how we identify disease-causing genes and proteins, and accelerating drug design at an unprecedented pace. Dr Serena YANG, an alumna of HKU Chemistry, stands at the forefront of AI-driven drug discovery as the co-founder of AILSI (AI and Life Sciences Institute (HK)). Harnessing the power of AI, her company identifies novel drug targets and accelerates the design of new treatments, significantly reducing the time and cost associated with traditional methods. A recent milestone project involved using AI-driven multi-omics analysis to identify a previously undiscovered protein implicated in liver cancer and designing a drug targeting this protein. ‘This project showcases how AI can uncover new biological insights and accelerate drug discovery,’ Dr Yang shares.   Believe in the power of belief. While technical skills (the machine) are essential, what truly drives progress is belief (the oil)—belief in your vision, work, and ability to make a difference.   From Academia to Industry Talking about the birth of AILSI, Dr Yang recalls ‘My goal has always been to help patients who have no effective therapeutic options and to make drugs more affordable for everyone.’ Driven by her vision to revolutionise the pharmaceutical industry, Dr Yang embarked on a journey from academia to entrepreneurship. This journey culminated in the founding of AILSI, which made drug discovery more efficient and cost-effective. Transitioning from academia—where she built a deep learning model for predicting small molecule properties—to founding AILSI was not without its challenges.  ‘Overcoming skepticism from industry stakeholders required continuous communication and demonstrating real-world results,’ she notes. Her persistence and innovative approach paid off, bridging the gap between AI and the pharmaceutical industry. A Vision for AI in Precision Medicine ‘AI-driven drug discovery is set to revolutionise global healthcare by making drug development faster, more cost-effective, and personalised,’ Dr Yang asserts. ‘Our work is about more than just creating new drugs; it's about creating a new paradigm in healthcare.’ Looking ahead, Dr Yang envisions a future where AI is integral to every stage of drug development, unlocking new levels of efficiency and innovation. At AILSI, the commitment to democratising healthcare extends beyond drug discovery to developing AI-powered diagnostic tools. ‘My goal is to bring an AI-designed drug to market and have an AI-powered diagnostic tool approved for clinical use,’ she reveals. Her ambition is to build a strong AI-driven ecosystem that transforms how we develop medicines and diagnose diseases. Advice for Aspiring Innovators  The relentless pace of innovation at AILSI is matched by a commitment to ethical considerations and patient-centric approaches. ‘As we push the boundaries of AI in healthcare, we must remain vigilant about the ethical implications and ensure that our advancements benefit all patients equitably,’ Dr Yang notes. Her leadership is a beacon for aspiring scientists and entrepreneurs who seek to navigate the complex landscape of modern healthcare. For those on the cusp of their journeys in science and technology, Dr Yang’s advice resonates deeply: ‘Stay curious, remain persistent, and always be open to learning. The challenges you face today will be the stepping stones to your breakthroughs tomorrow. If you are passionate and persistent, no matter how challenging the journey, you will eventually achieve your goal,’ Dr Yang remarks.  ‘In AI-driven drug discovery, this belief is crucial. The field is full of uncertainties. Only with relentless innovation and the courage to challenge the status quo, can we transform how medicine is discovered and bring hope to patients who need it most.’ As we stand on the brink of a new era in medicine, Dr Serena Yang’s story is a powerful reminder that through unwavering dedication and innovative thinking, we can indeed change the world. With the right blend of passion, persistence, and cutting-edge innovation, the future of healthcare is boundless, brimming with limitless possibilities. Academic Foundations as Catalyst for Innovation Dr Yang's academic journey began with a focus on biology and chemistry, driven by a deep-seated curiosity about complex systems. During her lab internship, she encountered the potential of AI when analysing experimental data. ‘I realised how even a simple machine learning algorithm could help make sense of the results. That experience sparked my interest in AI’s potential in life sciences,’ she recalls.  This curiosity led her to pursue a PhD in Quantum Chemistry and AI at HKU, where she could work at the intersection of physics, chemistry, and machine learning. ‘The training I received at HKU provided me with a strong foundation in computational modelling, problem-solving, and interdisciplinary research.’ HKU provided Dr Yang with a fertile ground for her burgeoning interests. Its cutting-edge research and interdisciplinary environment allowed her to delve into physics, chemistry, and machine learning. The access to advanced computational resources, world-class faculties, and a dynamic research community enriched her learning experience. ‘The training I received at HKU shaped my approach to tackling real-world scientific challenges,’ she explains.  

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Science Outreach: Igniting Passion in Science Month

  March marked the debut of our inaugural 'Science Month,' an initiative by the Faculty of Science to engage and inspire secondary school students with a keen interest in science. This initiative was packed with exclusive opportunities for students to immerse themselves in scientific exploration and gain a glimpse into university life. Multidimensional Mathematical Minds (M³) Programme   A key highlight of Science Month was the Multidimensional Mathematical Minds (M³) Programme, hosted by the Department of Mathematics. This programme, crafted for exceptionally talented junior secondary school students with a deep enthusiasm for mathematics, aims to provide them with advanced problem-solving skills and stimulate interest in mathematics research. The overwhelming positive feedback has been heartening, and we eagerly anticipate the continued growth of our participants through the programme's diverse modules.   About M3 Science Communication YouTuber Challenge: Everyday Science Hackathon   Another initiative, the ‘Everyday Science Hackathon’ is a unique science communication contest that encourages science lovers to spot an everyday problem, whip up an app solution using scientific know-how, and bring their creative ideas to life in a captivating video. This is the stage for aspired students to harness the power of science to create solutions and produce engaging and impactful content for diverse audiences. Applications are still open, and we encourage secondary school students to join us in advancing science literacy.   About the Hackathon Junior Science Institute (JSI) Beyond these new programmes, the Junior Science Institute (JSI) remains a cornerstone of our outreach programmes. JSI offers an array of activities aimed at enhancing students' comprehension and appreciation of various scientific fields.   About JSI Campus Visits To complement the Science Month activities, the Science Faculty also organised campus visits., providing secondary school students with a firsthand experience of university life and allowing them to explore our facilities and resources.   About Campus Visits We are excited by the enthusiasm and participation we've seen so far and are committed to nurturing the scientific curiosity of future generations. Thank you for joining us on this journey of discovery and innovation!

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HKU Chemist and Collaborators Unveil Eco-Friendly Method to Efficiently Convert Methane to Ethanol

In advancing sustainable energy solutions, an international collaborative team of scientists has achieved a significant milestone in low-carbon chemical conversion. In their recent publication in Nature, the team, led by Professors Zhengxiao GUO of Department of Chemistry at The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Weixin HUANG of University of Science and Technology of China, Richard CATLOW of University College London and Junwang TANG of Tsinghua University, have discovered a photocatalytic approach to converting methane to ethanol with high selectivity of around 80% and a methane conversion rate of 2.3% in a single run using a packed-bed flow reactor. The system achieves an impressive apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of 9.4%, which measures how effectively it converts incident photons into electrons that participate in the reaction under specific wavelength conditions. Background Ethanol is well known to spirit up many celebratory occasions, but more significantly, it serves as an ideal liquid hydrogen carrier and a chemical feedstock for a wide range of applications towards carbon neutrality. The global market for ethanol exceeds USD 100 billion, with a current compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 7%. Methane, the primary constituent of natural and shale gas, is often flared for heating. Despite its potential as a carbon source for chemical synthesis, its inherent chemical inertness poses substantial hurdles to its efficient conversion. Traditional industrial methane conversion is typically conducted via syngas under high temperatures and pressures, a process that is energy-intensive and exhibits poor product selectivity. Efforts to directly convert methane into ethanol often encounter challenges in controlling highly selective carbon-carbon (C-C) coupling to produce a specific C2+ chemical, such as ethanol. Innovative Catalytic Conversion The efficient conversion is achieved through a unique intra-molecular junction formed between alternate benzene and triazine units within a covalent triazine framework (CTF-1) polymer. The intra-molecular junction enhances the life-time and the efficient separation of photo-generated charges while enabling preferential adsorption of O2 and H2O to the benzene and triazine units, respectively, to facilitate C-C coupling. Moreover, this intrinsically asymmetric dual-site feature effectively delineates the C-C coupling sites from the hydroxyl radical formation sites, thereby mitigating the risk of overoxidation of the intermediate into CO2 and water. When further enhanced by the addition of Pt, the intramolecular junction photocatalyst demonstrates a very promising ethanol production rate, as stated above. ‘This is a step-change advancement in the photocatalytic conversion of methane into value-added green chemicals – not only in terms of a newly identified metal-free “intramolecular junction” for effective C-C coupling; but also by turning methane into a much more desirable liquid chemical, relatively efficiently at ambient conditions,’ Professor Guo, one of the corresponding authors of the paper, remarked. Comparison to Traditional Methods Conventionally, as in the Fischer−Tropsch synthesis, methane conversion to liquid chemicals requires high temperature (> 700 °C) and pressure (∼ 20 bar) to activate its C−H bond, involving high energy input and multiple steps. Previous attempts in the photocatalytic conversion of methane to a C2+ product often encounter either low selectivity and/or low efficiency, due to the limited capabilities of the specific catalysts. The newly developed CTF-1 catalyst demonstrates over 20 times higher quantum efficiency along with a very high selectivity. Potential Applications and Broader Impacts Methane is an abundant yet climate-potent gas. Its one-step photocatalytic conversion represents a highly desirable approach to decarbonising the chemical and fuel industries. Particularly in liquid form, ethanol is much easier to store, transport and distribute, compared to gaseous hydrogen. It can be directly reformed onboard low-carbon vehicles - on land, at sea or in the air, offering great potential for applications in urban transport, shipping and the upcoming low-altitude economy, thereby paving the way towards carbon neutrality. Future Research and Development Led by Professor Guo, the HKU research team will continue to explore innovative options in tailoring the catalyst and intensifying the conversion process, as part of a consortium effort under the UGC Theme-Based Research Scheme and the RGC-EU Collaborative Innovation Scheme. Click here to view the full paper.

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An Alchemist of Learning: Transformation from Chemistry Study to EdTech

Ronald Tse Forbes 30 Under 30 Asia 2024 Founder of AfterSchool BSc alumnus (major in Chemistry and minor in Mathematics)   Life’s journey is an ever-evolving tapestry where the pursuit of knowledge and the spirit of innovation intertwine to create a profound impact. The transformative journey of Ronald TSE from a dedicated student of chemistry at HKU to the celebrated founder of AfterSchool and a Forbes 30 Under 30 Asia honoree is a story of monumental success. His achievements in the education sector stand as a beacon of inspiration, proving that passion and purpose can indeed lead to impacts.     Beyond the Classroom Ronald's innovative spirit and entrepreneurial drive culminated in the creation of AfterSchool, a popular EdTech platform. Recognising the evolving landscape of education and the demand for a comprehensive marketplace, Ronald envisioned AfterSchool as the 'HKTVmall for education' in Hong Kong. The platform allows students and parents to seamlessly search, compare, and select educational resources, bridging a critical gap in the market. ‘I’ve come to understand that personalisation is key, with one-size-fits-all approaches becoming obsolete,’ Ronald reflected. At its core, AfterSchool is committed to democratising education, offering a wide array of courses at accessible prices and breaking down barriers to quality education. This ethos extends to their social contribution, working with charitable organisations and educational institutions to offer free online tutoring services to underprivileged students. Ronald’s vision does not stop here. He has crafted a strategic roadmap to broaden the spectrum of course offerings, elevate user experience and harness the power of AI and data analytics. ‘As we grow, upholding stringent quality assurance of our offerings and nurturing a robust community of learners and educators remain our top priority,’ he remarked.   The rise of the gig economy in education, bringing diverse expertise to students, and the increasingly borderless nature of education, enabling access to global learning resources, are exciting trends. I believe we're at a juncture where we can truly reimagine education to be more effective, accessible, and aligned with the needs of the 21st century.   From Hurdles to Horizons The inception of AfterSchool was sparked by an entrepreneurship programme at HKU, resonating perfectly with Ronald's vision to revolutionise the education sector with an emphasis on addressing real-world problems innovatively. However, the journey from idea to reality was peppered with challenges. With a science background and limited initial capital, Ronald navigated the complex realms of business. Realising his limited knowledge of the education sector, he visited professors in the Faculty of Education for advice. This bold move led to an unexpected opportunity: a part-time research assistant position. In this role, Ronald conducted interviews with students and teachers about a gamified reading platform, gaining invaluable insights that shaped AfterSchool's development. His experience highlights the power of stepping out of one's comfort zone and the unexpected opportunities that can arise from taking initiative. Ronald dreamed up AfterSchool and created a pitch deck. He leveraged the experience and the insights gained to enhance his understanding of the education sector and bridge traditional educational methods with technology. Despite the hurdles, Ronald's determination transformed challenges into opportunities, birthing AfterSchool, a pioneer in the EdTech landscape.   The Genesis Ronald's passion for science, ignited during his secondary school years, led him to major in Chemistry and minor in Mathematics at HKU. ‘I found myself increasingly drawn to understanding the fundamental truths of our universe at the molecular level,’ he recalled. This curiosity allowed him to approach complex problems with analytical rigour and creative thinking. ‘The multidisciplinary nature of HKU's curriculum proved invaluable. The University's flexibility allowed me to take introductory courses from different Faculties, providing me with foundational knowledge in business, marketing, and finance,’ Ronald shared. ‘HKU also provided a fertile ground for entrepreneurial thinking beyond just academic pursuits. The University offers a wealth of entrepreneurial activities and programmes that expose students to the world of business and innovation,’ added Ronald.  More than just subject knowledge, HKU Science's supportive ecosystem equipped Ronald with a mindset of enquiry and resilience. The interdisciplinary approach of his studies helped him see connections between disparate ideas, nurturing an innovative spirit that became the cornerstone of his entrepreneurial endeavours. ‘The rigorous scientific training I received honed my analytical skills and instilled in me a data-driven approach to problem-solving. This scientific mindset has been crucial in developing AfterSchool's innovative educational model,’ Ronald noted.   From Molecular to Monumental Ronald's odyssey from an HKU student to a triumphant entrepreneur illustrates the transformative essence of education. His narrative inspires current students and exemplifies the vast spectrum of opportunities that an education from HKU's Faculty of Science can unlock. Ronald offers sage counsel to those aspiring to follow in his footsteps: ‘Maximise your university experience, identify and focus on solving real problems, and never be afraid of failure.’ Just as in the grand tapestry of innovation, his molecular seeds.   Click here to learn more about Afterschool. 

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Who Gets the Lion’s Share? HKU Ecologists Highlight Disparities in Global Biodiversity Conservation Funding

The extensive loss of biodiversity represents one of the major crises of our time, threatening not only entire ecosystems but also our current and future livelihoods. As scientists realise the magnitude and scale of ongoing extinctions, it is vital to ascertain the resources available for conservation and whether funds are being effectively distributed to protect species most in need. A team of researchers from the School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), addressed these questions in a recent paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), USA, by compiling information on nearly 15,000 funded projects focused on species conservation. Professor Benoit GUÉNARD, the lead author of the study, noted that, ‘Our first conclusion is that funding for species conservation research remains extremely limited with only US$ 1.93 billion allocated over 25 years in the projects we assessed.’ The international conservation funding from 37 governments and NGOs represented a mere 0.3% and 0.01% of the annual budget of the NASA or US military, respectively. This stark comparison underscores the urgent need to dramatically increase such funding to slow global biodiversity loss. The authors also examined the allocation of this funding to specific species or groups of organisms based on their conservation needs as assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, often called the ‘barometer of life’. Professor Guénard explains, ‘Based on previous literature-based studies, we expected biases towards vertebrates and, whilst this was true, we found the situation much worse than previously estimated. Even within vertebrates, many of the most threatened groups, like amphibians, were largely underfunded with declining funding trends over time.’ Another striking example can be found in reptiles, particularly lizards and snakes, where over a thousand species have been identified as threatened, yet 87% of the funding towards reptile conservation is directed towards the seven species of marine turtles. Professor Guénard states, ‘This highlights an important mismatch between scientific assessment of conservation and allocation of funding by conservation stakeholders, which appears to rely on the “charisma” of species. This leads to nearly a third of the funding directed to non-threatened species while almost 94% of threatened species have not received any support.’ Some groups, like plants or insects, received a mere 6% each of the funding despite their vast diversity and the number of threatened species they include, while other major groups, such as fungi or algae, received virtually no funding. Professor Alice HUGHES, a co-author of the study, echoed, ‘Our traditional view of what is threatened often does not align with species genuinely at threat, leaving many smaller, or “less charismatic” species neglected. We urgently need to reframe this perspective and better allocate funding across taxa if we want any hope of redressing widespread population declines and the continued loss of biodiversity.’ Based on these findings, the researchers are calling for a new approach to conservation funding. Whilst species conservation is in dire need of additional funding, a more rigorous approach to selecting projects and species to receive those limited funds is urgently needed. Professor Guénard emphasises, ‘Conservation agencies and NGOs need to modify their philosophy towards conservation to protect all species, and not just a subset based on subjective criteria of charisma or beauty.’ In the future, the research team hopes their database can be expanded so information on funding allocation is more transparent and easily accessible. This would help evaluate existing gaps, plan effective future conservation efforts at a global scale, and reduce redundancy in funding for species that already receive the lion's share of support. Variation over time of the percentage of funded single-species conservation projects (A) and funds received per taxonomic group (B) for the period 1992-2017. The total number of funded projects A) and the total amount of funds received in millions of U.S. $ B) for each taxonomic group is presented on the right y-axis. For each 5-year period, the number of projects and of funding agencies (in parentheses) A) and the total funding amount B) are presented on top of the chart. Image adapted from respective paper.  

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Exploring the Frontiers of Science: A Student’s Journey to an International Influenza Conference

Peter WONG BSc student (major in Biochemistry) With the generous support of the Faculty of Science under the Young Scientist Scheme (YSS), I recently had the privilege of attending the 12th Options for the Control of Influenza, an international conference dedicated to influenza and other respiratory viruses, held in Brisbane, Australia. This eye-opening experience provided an invaluable opportunity for me to engage with leading experts in the field and delve deeper into cutting-edge research on respiratory virology.   I am currently a final-year Bachelor of Science student majoring in Biochemistry at HKU, conducting my capstone project under the guidance of Professors Michael Chan and Kenrie Hui from the School of Public Health. My project focuses on investigating the pathogenesis of infection and virus-host interactions. Specifically, we utilize primary respiratory organoid cultures as a physiologically relevant alternative to human respiratory tissue explant for studying viral infections. Our goal is to enhance the risk assessment workflow with Bulk RNAseq transcriptomics analysis to better understand and compare the pathogenesis of emerging respiratory viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2. Participating in this conference broadened my perspective on respiratory virus research. The event featured seminars and presentations on a range of topics, including zoonotic influenza virus spillover, vaccine development, and antiviral efficacy. Beyond the main conference, I also attended the Mini-School of Influenza, a lecture-based programme covering foundational concepts in respiratory virology, public health, epidemiology, surveillance, and research-driven vaccine development. These sessions complemented my studies at HKU and provided an advanced extension of the knowledge I have gained.   A highlight of the conference was the chance to exchange ideas with researchers from around the world. I had the pleasure of meeting Associate Professor Claire Smith from University College London’s Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, whose research interests and focuses on using primary human epithelial respiratory virus infection models, including respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, and coronavirus. In particular, her group has been exploring the incorporation of neutrophils into these models to study their responses during viral infection. This interesting expansion of the in vitro models provides a valuable approach to studying immune cell response and their contribution to disease progression.    The experience was not limited to academic pursuits. While in Brisbane, I explored the city’s vibrant culture and unique wildlife. A visit to the Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary allowed me to experience the unique Australian wildlife and biodiversity firsthand. Additionally, I enjoyed a memorable breakfast at the historic Pancake Manor, housed in St Luke’s Church of England, a building dating back to 1904. These moments added depth to my trip, offering a balance of scientific enrichment and cultural discovery.   Reflecting on this experience, I am deeply grateful to the Faculty of Science for supporting my participation at the 12th edition of Options for the Control of Influenza. Attending the conference not only expanded my understanding of current trends and challenges in respiratory virology but also confirmed my passion for this field. It has inspired me to pursue PhD studies focused on virus-host interactions, marking a significant milestone in my academic journey. 

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Professor Vivian W W YAM Honoured with the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 2025 Award

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Mok Sau-King Professorship Bestowed Upon Professor Guochun Zhao

The Faculty of Science is proud to announce that Professor Guochun Zhao from the Department of Earth Sciences has been appointed as the Mok Sau-King Professor, one of the most significant awards bestowed upon eminent academics within the University to support their academic and research activities.  Professor Zhao is an internationally recognised geologist who specialises in early earth sciences. His main research fields include metamorphic petrology, Precambrian geology, and the study of supercontinents. His remarkable contributions to the field are evidenced by the publication of over 450 scientific papers, which have garnered more than 73,000 citations. His extensive research and ground-breaking discoveries have earned him numerous prestigious accolades and honours. In 2019, Professor Zhao was elected as the Chinese Academy of Sciences academician. In 2021, he became a fellow of the World Academy of Sciences for the Advancement of Science in Developing Countries, and in 2023, he was inducted as a member of the Hong Kong Academy of Sciences. According to the 2024 Best Scientists Rankings by Research.com, Professor Zhao is ranked 8th in the world and 1st in China in earth sciences. His other outstanding achievements in geosciences include the State Natural Science Award (Second Class; First Awardee; 2014), the Fellow of the Geological Society of America (2014), the Highly Cited Researcher Award of Clarivate Analytics (2014-2023), the Outstanding Researcher Award of The University of Hong Kong (2016), the 29th Khwarizmi International Award (First Class; 2016), and the TWAS Prize in Earth, Astronomy, Space Sciences from The World Academy of Science (2018) and the Distinguished Research Achievement Award of HKU (2021). Professor Zhao obtained his BSc and MSc degrees from Changchun University of Earth Sciences (now merged into Jilin University) in 1985 and 1988, respectively, and his PhD from Curtin University, Australia, in 2000. He is currently a Chair Professor in the Department of Earth Sciences at The University of Hong Kong and a Changjiang Scholar Professor (short-term) in the Department of Geology at Northwest University (Xi’an). He also serves as the director of the NWU-HKU Joint Center for Earth and Planetary Sciences. As a distinguished academic, Professor Zhao's contributions have significantly impacted the field of earth sciences, and his appointment as the Mok Sau-King Professor is a testament to his exceptional achievements and dedication to advancing scientific knowledge.

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Professor Hongjie Dai Honoured as Sapientia Eminence Professor

On January 23, 2025, a dedication ceremony was held to commemorate the establishment of the Sapientia Eminence Professorship. The event was graced by distinguished guests, including Mr Vitor Cheung, Director of Moral Properties Limited; Professor Xiang Zhang, President & Vice-Chancellor; Professor Qiang Zhou, Dean of Science; and Professor Dai Hongjie, the Sapientia Eminence Professor and Chair Professor of Chemistry.   The Sapientia Eminence Professorship was made possible by a generous donation of $15 million from Moral Properties Limited. With this generous support, Professor Dai Hongjie, the recipient of the Sapientia Eminence Professorship, will be able to pursue research and academic endeavours.   To commence the event, Professor Xiang Zhang conveyed his appreciation to Mr and Mrs Cheung. 'Mr Cheung's generosity is a significant support for The University of Hong Kong (HKU) and for Hong Kong as a whole. Hong Kong is emerging as a hub for higher education, and talent is paramount to achieving this status. With talented individuals, we will attract a multitude of students and achieve numerous research breakthroughs. These research accomplishments can be leveraged into productivity, ultimately benefiting the development of Hong Kong's economy.'   Mr Vitor Cheung holds the belief that education plays a vital role in shaping lives and communities. He expressed, 'I aspire that my modest contribution can aid HKU in advancing innovation and technology, supporting Professor Dai in his research and development endeavors, and contributing to both Hong Kong and China.'   Professor Qiang Zhou elucidated the term 'GeWu (格物)' has its roots in the Confucian classic The Great Learning and serves as one of the mottos of HKU. It encapsulates the essence of seeking truth and acquiring wisdom. 'GeWu' aligns with the Latin term 'Sapientia,' which translates to 'wisdom'. He said, 'Professor Dai Hongjie, an esteemed international scholar, exemplifies this ethos by continually delving into the pursuit of truth in his research, embodying the spirit of "Sapientia Eminence".'   Professor Dai Hongjie, is currently Chair Professor in Chemistry, HKU, with a joint appointment in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and School of Biomedical Sciences in HKUMed. In his presentation, he showcased his groundbreaking work in infrared fluorescence imaging and highlighted his ongoing efforts in clinical translation. He aims to transform the clinical surgical landscape through precise imaging guided tumour resection that benefits numerous cancer patients, and imaging guided surgical navigation that protects healthy vital organs from accidental injury.     More about the Endowed Professorships Scheme   Professor Xiang Zhang presents the Endowed Professorships Commemorative Chair to Mr Vitor Cheung   (Back row from left) Dr Shunlong Wang, Professor Qiang Zhou; Mr Felix Vitor Cheung; Professor Dai Hongjie; Dr Meijie Tang, spouse of Professor Dai and Deputy Director of Technology Transfer Office; Mr Hoi Luk Ng, retired Assistant Director, HKU Finance and Enterprises Office; (Front row from left) Mrs Vitor Cheung and Mr Vitor Cheung   Group Photo of Cheung’s family, Professor and Mrs Zhang, Professor Dai and Dr Tang   Mr Vitor Cheung and Professor Xiang Zhang at the MoU signing and a check presentation in July 2024   Story and photos credit: DAAO 

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HKU Physicists Pioneer Entanglement Microscopy Algorithm to Explore How Matter Entangles in Quantum Many-Body Systems

Quantum entanglement – a phenomenon where particles are mysteriously linked no matter how far apart they are – presents a long-standing challenge in the physical world, particularly in understanding its behaviour within complex quantum systems. A research team from the Department of Physics at The University of Hong Kong (HKU) and their collaborators have recently developed a novel algorithm in quantum physics known as ‘entanglement microscopy’ that enables visualisation and mapping of this extraordinary phenomenon at a microscopic scale. By zooming in on the intricate interactions of entangled particles, one can uncover the hidden structures of quantum matter, revealing insights that could transform technology and deepen the understanding of the universe. This study, led by Professor Zi Yang MENG and co-authored by his PhD students Ting-Tung WANG and Menghan SONG of HKU Department of Physics, in collaboration with Professor William WITCZAK-KREMPA and PhD student Liuke LYU from the University of Montreal, unveils the hidden structures of quantum entanglement in many-body systems, offering a fresh perspective on the behaviour of quantum matter. Their findings were recently published in the prestigious journal Nature Communications. A Breakthrough in Mapping Quantum Entanglement Quantum entanglement describes a deep connection between particles, where the state of one particle is instantly linked to another, even across vast distances. Imagine rolling two dice in different locations—quantum entanglement is like finding that the outcome of one die always determines the outcome of the other, no matter how far apart they are. This phenomenon, famously called ‘spooky action at a distance’ by Albert Einstein, is not just a theoretical curiosity but underpins technologies like quantum computing, cryptography, and the study of exotic materials and black holes. However, it is intrinsically difficult to obtain the entanglement information in quantum many-body systems both analytically and numerically due to the exponentially large degree of freedoms. Researchers have addressed this challenge by developing ‘entanglement microscopy’, an innovative protocol based on large-scale quantum Monte Carlo simulation that can successfully extract the quantum entanglement information in small regions of quantum systems. By focusing on these microscopic areas, this method reveals how particles interact and organise themselves in intricate ways, especially near critical points in quantum phase transitions—special states where quantum systems undergo profound changes in behaviour. On the left: Sampling the reduced density matrix (RDM) in path-integral quantum Monte Carlo (QMC). Panel (a) shows the partition function in the space time manifold appearing in usual QMC simulations. Panel (b) shows how the RDM is sampled in such QMC simulations, where one imposes open boundary conditions in time for the skeletal sites in subregion A. The lower panel in (b) demonstrates the spatial partition of A and B in such a setting. On the right: Logarithmic negativity as a measurement of quantum entanglement for adjacent sites in (a) 2d transverse-field Ising model and (b) 2d fermion t-V model. The bottom panel illustrates the schematic phase diagrams.   Their exploration focused on two prominent models at two-dimension: the transverse field Ising model and fermionic t-V model that realises the Gross-Neveu-Yukawa transition of Dirac fermions, each revealing fascinating insights into the nature of quantum entanglement. They discovered that at the Ising quantum critical point, entanglement is short-range, meaning particles are connected only over small distances. This connection can abruptly vanish due to changes in distance or temperature—a phenomenon known as ‘sudden death’. In contrast, their investigation of the fermionic transition revealed a more gradual decline in entanglement even at larger separations, indicating that particles can maintain connections despite being far apart. Intriguingly, the team discovered that in two-dimensional Ising transitions, three-party entanglement was absent, yet present in one-dimensional systems. This implies that system dimensionality significantly affects entanglement behaviour. To simplify, low-dimensional systems are akin to a small group of friends where deep connections (complex multi-particle entanglement) are more probable. Conversely, high-dimensional systems, comparable to larger, more complex social networks, often suppress such connections. These findings provide important understanding of how entanglement structure alters with increasing system complexity. Applications and Impact This breakthrough has significant implications for advancing quantum technologies. By providing a clearer understanding of entanglement, it could help optimise quantum computing hardware and algorithms, enabling faster problem-solving in fields like cryptography and artificial intelligence. It also opens the door to designing next-generation quantum materials with applications in energy, electronics, and superconductivity. Furthermore, this tool could deepen our understanding of fundamental physics and improve quantum simulations in chemistry and biology. The findings are detailed in the paper ‘Entanglement microscopy and tomography in many-body systems’, published in the journal Nature Communications. The full paper can be accessed at https://rdcu.be/d5oSa Ting-Tung WANG (left) and Menghan SONG, PhD students from the HKU Department of Physics, are co-authors of the journal paper.    

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Science Teachers Recognised with HKU Excellence Awards 2024

Congratulations to our academics for receiving the University's research and teaching excellence awards in the HKU Excellence Award Scheme 2024. The list of award recipients is appended as follows:    Outstanding Teaching Award Dr Ka Ho LAW Associate Head (Teaching & Learning) and Lecturer, Department of Mathematics   Outstanding Researcher Award Professor Shuang ZHANG Interim Head and Professor, Department of Physics   Outstanding Young Researcher Awards    Professor Jian HE Assistant Professor Department of Chemistry   Professor Zhongxing HUANG Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry     Research Output Prize Professor Timothy BONEBRAKE Associate Dean of Science Professor, School of Biological Sciences Details of the awarded journal paper: '"Genomic analyses reveal poaching hotspots and illegal trade in pangolins from Africa to Asia", Science, 382(6676), 1282-1286 by Tracey-Leigh*, Cheng, Wenda*, Xing, Shuang*, Bonebrake, Timothy C.* and other researchers.     Congratulations to all the recipients on their well-deserved achievements!     The Outstanding Researcher Awards scheme aims to recognise, honour and reward exceptional work in research by staff of the University. The scheme includes the Distinguished Research Achievement Award (DRAA), Outstanding Researcher Award (ORA), Outstanding Young Researcher Award (OYRA), Outstanding Research Student Supervisor Award (ORSSA), and Research Output Prize (ROP). The DRAA, ORA and OYRA are awards made to recognise individuals for their outstanding research accomplishments. The ORSSA is to recognise exemplary and effective supervisory guidance and support to their research postgraduate students. The ROP is a Faculty-based award to honour the best research output from each Faculty.   The Teaching Excellence Award Scheme aims to recognise, reward and promote excellence in teaching at the University. Under the Scheme, there are four categories of awards, viz. University Distinguished Teaching Award, Outstanding Teaching Award (OTA), Early Career Teaching Award (ECTA) and Teaching Innovation Award (TIA). Besides individual awards, both OTA and TIA comprise team awards to recognise and encourage collaborative effort and achievement in enhancing teaching and learning. Faculties should encourage their teachers with outstanding contributions to teaching and learning to apply for these awards.

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HKU Research Identifies PICH Protein as Key Player in Preventing Chromosome Breakage Linked to Cancer

Researchers at The University of Hong Kong (HKU) have made an exciting discovery about how human cells protect DNA during cell division, offering new insights into combating diseases such as cancer. Led by Professor Gary Ying Wai CHAN from the School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, and Professor Ken Hoi Tang MA from the Department of Pathology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, the research uncovers the vital role of a protein called PICH in preventing genetic errors that can lead to diseases such as cancer. Their findings were recently published in the journal Nucleic Acids Research. Ultrafine Anaphase Bridges – A Hidden Threat to Our Genome Every time a cell divides, it must ensure its DNA is accurately copied and split between the two new cells. However, tiny threads of DNA, known as ultrafine anaphase bridges(UFBs), can sometimes form and cause problems if not properly managed. These UFBs can be thought of as invisible enemies that tangle up our genetic material. Through their research, the HKU team discovered that the protein PICH acts like a radar, detecting these UFBs and helping to resolve them. They found that when PICH is missing or not functioning properly, cells experience severe genetic damage, including broken DNA, the formation of small DNA-containing structures called micronuclei, and activation of the cell’s emergency response systems, ultimately leading to cell death. Moreover, their findings revealed that such damage can trigger rearrangements of chromosomes—hallmarks of cancer. PICH acts like a lookout, spotting and attaching to tiny DNA threads called ultrafine anaphase bridges (UFBs). When PICH is inactivated (knockdown, KD), more of these threads form and break, leading to dangerous DNA rearrangements that can be identified by whole genome sequencing. The blue lines in the circular diagrams indicate sites of genomic rearrangements, often involving interchromosomal fusions—a hallmark of tumourigenesis that drives cancer development. Image adapted from Kong et al, Nucleic Acids Research (2024).   PICH prevents dangerous rearrangements of DNA Building on these findings, the team further investigated the role of PICH in maintaining genetic stability. They found that without PICH, cells not only suffer from severe DNA damage but also accumulate significant genetic errors. A mutated version of PICH that cannot recruit other helper proteins provides only partial protection, while a completely inactive version of PICH fails to resolve UFBs, resulting in even more extensive genetic damage. PICH’s activity is crucial for breaking down these DNA threads and preventing genetic chaos. Notably, when PICH is missing, genetic errors are more likely to occur in non-centromeric regions of the DNA due to the breakage of UFBs, leading to dangerous chromosome rearrangements that can cause disease. Their research proposes that PICH protects human DNA through two key mechanisms. First, it assists another protein, topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A), in untangling the DNA threads. Second, it works with a protein called BLM helicase to convert tangled threads into a simpler, more manageable form. Together, these two actions ensure that DNA threads are properly resolved, preventing genetic errors that could lead to cancer.  ‘Our research shows how vital PICH is in protecting our DNA from damage during cell division. By understanding how PICH works, we can explore new ways to treat cancers such as colorectal, gastric and breast cancer, which are strongly linked to a high degree of chromosomal instability,’ said Professor Gary Ying Wai Chan, one of the corresponding authors of the paper. Next-generation sequencing(NGS) is a powerful tool for detecting genomic instability in diseases such as cancer. In our research, we used NGS to identify mutations in cells lacking PICH, demonstrating its effectiveness in uncovering genetic errors. This productive collaboration with Professor Chan has highlighted the importance of teamwork in scientific research,’ added Professor Ken Hoi Tang Ma, another corresponding author of the study. This study highlights the critical role of PICH in maintaining the integrity of human genetic material. Understanding how PICH works opens new possibilities for developing treatments for diseases caused by genetic instability, such as cancer. ‘By targeting pathways involving PICH, we may be able to develop new therapies to prevent or treat these conditions,’ explained Professor Gary Ying Wai Chan. The findings are detailed in the paper ‘The Interplay of the Translocase Activity and Protein Recruitment Function of PICH in Ultrafine Anaphase Bridge Resolution and Genomic Stability’, published in the journal Nucleic Acids Research. A group photo of key members of the research team. From left: PhD student Ms Kun CHEN from the School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, HKU; Professor Ken Hoi Tang MA from the Department of Pathology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, HKU; and Professor Gary Ying Wai CHAN and Postdoctoral Fellow Dr Nannan KONG from the School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, HKU.   Click here to access the full paper.  For more information about the research teams, please visit their respective websites: Professor Gary Ying Wai Chan Professor Ken Hoi Tang Ma

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HKU Ecologists Uncover Significant Ecological Impact of Hybrid Grouper Release through Religious Practices

Ecologists from the School of Biological Sciences (SBS) and the Swire Institute of Marine Science (SWIMS) at The University of Hong Kong (HKU) have identified significant ecological risks associated with the release of hybrid groupers into Hong Kong’s coastal waters, a practice often linked to religious ‘mercy release’ rituals. Their study highlights how the Tiger Grouper-Giant Grouper hybrid (TGGG), also known as the Sabah grouper, disrupts local marine ecosystems by exploiting unique ecological niches and potentially becoming a dominant predator. This research, the first to use advanced DNA metabarcoding to analyse the diet of this hybrid species, underscores the urgent need for public education and conservation measures to mitigate unintended ecological impacts. The findings have been published in the journal Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries.   Hybrid Groupers: A Popular Market Species with Hidden Ecological Threats The TGGG is a hybrid species bred through aquaculture by crossing the Tiger Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) with the Giant Grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus). Valued for its large size and rapid growth, it is a common sight in Hong Kong’s fish markets. Its affordability and impressive size have also made it a popular choice for local mercy release practices, where animals are released into the wild as an act of spiritual merit. However, this seemingly benevolent act has significant ecological consequences. To explore the potential ecological effects of releasing hybrid groupers into Hong Kong’s coastal waters, our research team utilised DNA metabarcoding to analyse the diet of TGGG. Becoming the first to apply this method to study the dietary habits of this hybrid species, the team extracted and sequenced DNA from the hybrid’s stomach contents, allowing them to identify its prey, even when the prey was fully digested or fragmented. This innovative approach provides a detailed and accurate picture of the hybrid’s dietary habits and its interactions with local marine ecosystems. Innovative DNA Analysis Highlights the Threat The study found that the TGGG is a formidable predator with a distinctive diet, feeding on various prey species not typically consumed by native species—including fish, crustaceans, and cephalopods. By exploiting broader ecological niches and gaps in the ecosystem where resources or habitats are underused, the TGGG disrupts local food webs and is highly likely to thrive and establish itself as a dominant predator. ‘Our findings show that the TGGG is not just another introduced species, it has the potential to significantly disrupt trophic dynamics and reshape coastal ecosystems,’ said Professor Celia SCHUNTER of HKU SBS and SWIMS, the study’s lead investigator. The researchers warn that the rapid growth, large size, and absence of natural predators in Hong Kong’s waters make it an exceptionally competitive species. These traits, combined with the availability of vacant ecological niches, pose a serious threat to the balance of marine biodiversity in Hong Kong’s coastal ecosystems. The study also draws attention to the role of mercy release practices in introducing non-native species like the TGGG into local waters. Dr Arthur CHUNG, the postdoctoral fellow of HKU SBS and SWIMS and co-author of the study, emphasised the importance of addressing these risks, ‘This study underscores the need for careful monitoring and management to mitigate the unintended impacts of human activities on biodiversity.’ The researchers stressed that public education and stricter conservation measures are essential to minimising the ecological damage caused by mercy release and other human activities. These efforts are critical for preserving the health of Hong Kong’s marine ecosystems. About the journal paper: Chung, A., & Schunter, C. (2024). Distinct resource utilization by introduced man-made grouper hybrid: an overlooked anthropogenic impact from a longstanding religious practice. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-024-09907-6 .

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HKU Ecologist Highlights Critical Gaps in Global Wildlife Trade Monitoring

Wildlife trade poses one of the greatest threats to the survival of numerous species. According to the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), at least 50,000 species are involved in trade. However, while this figure already seems huge, it risks overlooking less traditional sectors of wildlife trade, such as the pet or fashion trade. For instance, recent data shows that the number of butterflies traded exceeds the total number of terrestrial arthropods in the IPBES assessment. This raises a critical question: How many wild species are actually being traded globally? This question remains hard to answer. While species classified as potentially endangered by trade may be monitored under the auspices of CITES, most wildlife trade is legal and falls outside the scope of any overarching international legislation or monitoring. One notable exception is in the United States, where the US Fish and Wildlife Service tracks traded wildlife through the Law Enforcement Management Information System (LEMIS).   A striking Jayapura green tree python, likely wild-caught, highlighting the beauty and vulnerability of species in the wildlife trade. Photo Courtesy of Julie Lockwood. Using 22 years of LEMIS data, a recent study led by Professor Alice C. HUGHES, Associate Professor of the School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), in collaboration with international researchers, explores the dimensions of wildlife trade and obtain one of the most comprehensive overviews to date. Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), the study reveals striking findings: between 2000 and 2022, the US traded almost 30,000 wild species and over 2.85 billion individuals, with over 50% of individuals from most taxa sourced directly from the wild. These findings are significant as the impact of trade on most of these species has never been assessed. While the US provides detailed records of traded species, comparable data is lacking in most other countries. For most species in trade, we lack data on offtake or wild population size, making it impossible to assess the sustainability of the trade. However, in cases where assessments have been made, the majority of populations subjected to harvesting have shown declines. This paper highlights the true scale and diversity of legal wildlife trade. Remarkably, less than 0.01% of the wildlife trade recorded in the US was illegal, meaning that these billions of individuals are not only traded legally, but for most taxa, the majority come from the wild. The research also highlights how little we genuinely know about what makes up wildlife trade globally. The lack of systematic monitoring not only hinders our ability to understand or monitor trade but also precludes any opportunity to manage it sustainably. The study advances our understanding of wildlife trade, and the codes developed will facilitate the standardisation and analysis of further trade data. With the second part of CBD-COP16 scheduled for February 2025, we hope this paper highlights the importance of evaluating how wildlife trade data is recorded and shared and encourages effort toward more comparable global datasets.   This graphic illustrates data from LEMIS on wildlife in trade in the United States, showing the number of individuals traded for each animal group. Image adapted from the journal paper The magnitude of legal wildlife trade and implications for species survival (PNAS, 2025). The findings are detailed in the paper 'The magnitude of legal wildlife trade and implications for species survival', published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). View the full article here.   

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HKU Ecologists Reveal Key Genetic Insights for the Conservation of Iconic Cockatoo Species

Ecologists at the School of Biological Sciences of The University of Hong Kong (HKU) have made valuable discoveries that could transform the conservation of two iconic cockatoo species: the Sulphur-crested cockatoos and the critically endangered Yellow-crested cockatoos – with only 2,000 individuals remaining in the wild for the latter. Until now, no whole-genome research had been conducted on either species, which were identified solely by subtle morphological differences. Through two innovative studies, the team uncovered new genetic insights, reshaping our understanding of these species and offering fresh hope for their survival amid severe threats from habitat loss and illegal trapping. These findings, recently published in high-impact scientific journals Molecular Biology and Evolution, and Molecular Ecology, will be highly influential in guiding future conservation efforts. Triton Cockatoo reconfirmed as a distinct species after a century in obscurity Although originally believed to be two distinct species, for over a century the Triton Cockatoo (Cacatua triton) has been thought to be the same species as the Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) due to their similar appearance and with the distribution of the singular species including Australia and New Guinea. However, the study in Molecular Biology and Evolution, using cutting-edge genomic analysis, has reconfirmed that the Triton Cockatoo is, in fact, a distinct species occurring across the majority of New Guinea, with the Sulphur-crested Cockatoo now known to be restricted to just Australia and a very small portion of southern New Guinea. This finding has profound implications for conservation, particularly in New Guinea where both species exist and where programmes led by the Indonesian government and NGOs aim to reintroduce surrendered pet birds into the wild on the western part of the island to counter the effects of climate change, land-use change, and poaching. Dr Arthur SANDS, an expert on cockatoos from SBS and the main author of the study in Molecular Biology and Evolution, emphasised the importance of this distinction, he said, ‘Introducing the wrong species in the wrong place could jeopardise their long-term survival in the wild through hybridisation or competition between the Triton Cockatoo and the Sulphur-crested Cockatoo, potentially even disrupting ecosystems in the long term.’ He stressed that such reintroduction programmes must incorporate genetic data moving forward to avoid this. Recognising the Triton Cockatoo as a distinct species will now also require updates to global legislation, such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) which aims to protect these and many other parrot species, and may require new levels of protection being issued given the split. The other study, in Molecular Ecology, focused on the critically endangered Yellow-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea), native to Indonesia and East Timor, using DNA extracted from 100-year-old museum specimens to elucidate genetic diversity among subspecies. This approach, known as ‘museomics’, involves studying genetic materials from preserved specimens kept in museums, in this case across the USA and Europe. It allows researchers to gather vital biological data without disturbing the remaining endangered individuals in the wild. A preserved Yellow-crested Cockatoo specimen, collected in 1911 and housed at the Bavarian State Collection, Munich. Specimens like this provide invaluable genetic data for conservation research. Photo credit: Arthur Sands Preserved cockatoo specimens stored in wooden drawers at the Bavarian State Collection, Munich. These valuable collections serve as important resources for genetic research and conservation planning. Photo credit: Arthur Sands   This research identified three genetically distinct groups across the Wallacean region, a biogeographical zone that lies between the Asian and Australian continental shelves, simplifying the previous classification of seven subspecies. The findings suggest that the subspecies C. s. citrinocristata may not be as distinct as previously thought and raises questions about how the isolated C. s. abbotti population ended up on a remote Indonesian island, given that cockatoos are not known for long-distance migration. These discoveries redefine the genetic structure of the Yellow-crested Cockatoo and offer new insights into its evolution and distribution. Dr Astrid ANDERSSON, who led the study in Molecular Ecology explained, ‘One of the benefits of museomics is the ability to examine genetic data from taxa that are extinct, rare or inaccessible. In this case, it provides valuable information to inform conservation efforts, such as translocation, genetic rescue and breeding—steps that are crucial to avoid global extinction of C. sulphurea.’ Professor Juha MERILÄ, Associate Director (Ecology & Biodiversity Research Groups) and Chair Professor of SBS, who leads the research group where Drs SANDS and ANDERSSON are based, stated, ‘Accurate identification of evolutionarily significant units and species is essential for the effective management and conservation of rare and threatened species. Our research highlights the genetic diversity within and among these iconic cockatoo species and underscores the importance of incorporating genetic data into conservation planning.’ Highly sterile laboratory bench used for the extraction of DNA from old museum specimens in Giessen, Germany. Photo credit: Arthur Sands  

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HKU Laboratory for Space Research Leads Efforts in Space Sustainability and STEM Education

The Laboratory for Space Research (LSR) at The University of Hong Kong (HKU) has been at the forefront of promoting global awareness about the critical challenges of space sustainability and the growing importance of STEM education in the rapidly evolving NewSpace economy. Recently, LSR played a pivotal role in organising a landmark Space Sustainability and Space Debris Conference at HKU, where over 70 delegates from over 20 countries gathered to address the existential threat of the Kessler syndrome. This phenomenon, caused by the accumulation of space debris in low Earth orbit (LEO), jeopardises the future of satellite operations and global connectivity. The conference, co-sponsored by prestigious international organisations such as the International Academy of Astronautics and endorsed by the United Nations Office of Outer Space Affairs, marked a historic collaboration among stakeholders from academia, government, and industry. As the director of LSR, Professor Quentin Parker also participated in the 2024 International Symposium on the Peaceful Use of Space Technology – Health, a prestigious event aimed at promoting international collaboration and innovation in utilising space technologies for peaceful purposes, particularly in advancing global health and medical research. The symposium provided a platform for experts worldwide to exchange ideas, explore cutting-edge applications of space technology in healthcare, and address critical challenges in improving human well-being through space-driven solutions. As a keynote speaker at the symposium, he emphasised the vital role of STEM education in equipping future generations to thrive and innovate within the burgeoning NewSpace economy, projected to exceed $1.5 trillion in value by the mid-2030s. Under the leadership of LSR, these initiatives not only advance the global dialogue on space sustainability but also position Hong Kong as a leading international hub for fostering innovation, collaboration, and action to ensure a sustainable and prosperous future for humanity in space.

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3,000 Kilometers 4 Months and 1 Tiny Traveler – The Chestnut Tiger’s Epic Flight from Japan to Hong Kong

While many Hongkongers head to Japan for their holidays, it seems one little traveller has flipped the script. A butterfly has made the reverse journey, flying an incredible 3,000 kilometres from Japan to Hong Kong—perhaps for its own winter getaway! On August 18, 2024, two butterfly markers, Mr Masayoshi SHIMIZU and Mr Hiroki TAKIZAWA, spent the day placing stickers on the wings of the Chestnut Tiger butterfly (Parantica sita) in the Grandeco Ski Resort located in the Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. This species of butterfly is well-known for its long-distance migrations, and marking or tagging their wings provides valuable data about their movement, including how far they travel, the direction they take, and how long they survive. Over the course of the season, Mr Shimizu and Mr Takizawa spent six days at Grandeco and managed to tag an impressive 481 butterflies. The Chestnut Tiger (Parantica sita) captured in Repulse Bay on Dec 21 2024 was tagged in Japan on Aug 18 2024. Photo courtesy: Yuet Fung Ling. Hiroki Takizawa (Left) and Masayoshi Shimizu (Right) worked together to tag the butterflies at Grandeco Ski Resort, including the individual captured in Hong Kong in Dec 2024.   Fast forward to December 21, 2024, Dr Yuet Fung LING, a postdoctoral fellow in the School of Biological Sciences (SBS) at The University of Hong Kong (HKU), was out catching butterflies in Repulse Bay. To his surprise, he spotted a male Chestnut Tiger – a rare species in Hong Kong – with a sticker on its wing. Even more surprisingly, written on the sticker were Japanese characters and the date ‘Aug 18’, confirming that this butterfly had been tagged in Fukushima four months earlier. Team leaders of the Danaid Butterfly Research Hong Kong: (from left to right) Yuet Fung Ling, Emily Jones, and Timothy Bonebrake. Photo courtesy: Timothy Bonebrake. Dr Ling works with Professor Timothy BONEBRAKE and PhD candidate Miss Emily JONES at SBS. Together, they lead the Danaid Butterfly Research Hong Kong, a group dedicated to studying the seasonal movements of danaid butterflies in Hong Kong. By carefully placing URL-branded stickers on butterfly wings (similar to those used in Japan), the group tracks the movements of species through public sightings and reports. Through mutual colleagues, the research team managed to connect with Mr Shimizu and Mr Takizawa to confirm the record. The adult butterfly was at least 124 days old and had travelled more than 3,000 km (3,016 km straight-line distance from Grandeco to Repulse Bay). This discovery set a new distance record for the species and is only the third time a butterfly has been detected migrating from Japan to Hong Kong. The previous record, set in 2011, involved a Chestnut Tiger that flew an estimated 2,423 km and lived for 82 days. ‘It’s an astonishing feat. For a little insect like this to fly more than 3,000 km and do so for more than 100 days just shows the physiological capacity for these creatures,’ noted Professor Timothy Bonebrake. ‘The record also highlights how much is left to discover about these important migratory phenomena. To gather data to effectively conserve these migrations, we need more international collaboration like this and active participation from the public.’ After recording the butterfly, Dr Ling released it back into the wild. Whether Hong Kong is its final destination or just another stop on its journey remains a mystery. Researchers are calling on the public to help unravel these mysteries. If you spot a butterfly with a sticker on its wings, report it to the Butterfly Research Hong Kong. Every sighting brings us closer to understanding and protecting these amazing migratory species. To find out more about danaid butterflies and the research efforts of Danaid Butterfly Research Hong Kong, please visit: https://www.instagram.com/danaidhk/ https://www.danaidhk.com/

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Decoding Leaf Greenness: Biologists Unraveled a Regulatory Module that Ensures Chlorophyll Homeostasis in Land Plants

A research team led by Professor Peng WANG from the School of Biological Sciences has made a significant breakthrough in understanding how land plants have evolved to maintain chlorophyll homeostasis during plant development. Their latest findings, published in Molecular Plant, demonstrate a module named BCM1-EGY1 in balancing chlorophyll synthesis and degradation.   Photosynthesis fuels nearly all life on Earth. Chlorophyll is the most abundant photosynthetic pigment that is in charge of light capture and charge separation in photosynthesis. Maintaining stable chlorophyll levels is a prerequisite for efficient photosynthesis and thereby food production. Chlorophyll homeostasis relies on the precise coordination of chlorophyll biosynthesis and degradation. However, the specific mechanism of regulation of chlorophyll metabolism remains unclear. Based on detailed protein interaction results, combined with genetic analysis, this study revealed that the scaffolding protein BCM1 (Balance of Chlorophyll Metabolism 1), the chlorophyll synthesis-related protein GUN4 (Genomes Uncoupled 4) and the chlorophyll decomposition-related protein SGR1 (Mg-dechelatase 1) Carboxyl-terminal (CT) domain-specific interactions. At the same time, the chloroplast protease EGY1 (Ethylene-dependent Gravitropism-deficient and Yellow-green 1) is also involved in the chlorophyll metabolism process mediated by BCM1. This research reveals a specific regulatory mechanism of chlorophyll metabolism in land plants, which synchronises the biosynthesis and decomposition of chlorophyll through the post-translational regulation of GUN4 and SGR1 mediated by BCM1 and EGY1.   The co-evolution of BCM1, GUN4 and SGR1 in chlorophyll metabolism played a crucial role in adapting plants from aquatic to terrestrial. The study found that BCM plays a conserved dual function in regulating chlorophyll metabolism in Arabidopsis and tomato. In Arabidopsis leaves and seeds and tomato leaves and fruits, BCM plays an essential role in maintaining chlorophyll biosynthesis and inhibiting chlorophyll degradation. Further research found that the CT domain of BCM1 is the key to the dual functions of BCM1. The deletion of the CT domain will cause BCM1 to be unable to function in chlorophyll metabolism. The function of the CT domain of BCM1 is highly conserved in Arabidopsis and tomato. It is known that GUN4 protein can activate magnesium chelatase in chlorophyll synthesis to enhance chlorophyll synthesis. Magnesium chelatase encoded by SGR1 is extremely important in the decomposition process of chlorophyll.   This study found that the biological functions of GUN4 and SGR1 depend on their CT domain, and the deletion of the CT domain will lead to the impairment of the biological functions of GUN4 and SGR1. Protein interaction data also indicate that the CT domain is a key in the interaction between GUN4/SGR1 and BCM1. The study further discovered that chloroplast protease EGY1 is an important participant in BCM1-mediated chlorophyll metabolism. EGY1 can interact with BCM1, GUN4 and SGR1, and participate in the BCM1-mediated hydrolysis of SGR1 protein. Genetic and bioinformatics data also indicate that EGY1 and BCM1 jointly regulate the proteostasis of enzymes related to chlorophyll homeostasis.   In summary, this study demonstrates an evolutionary model in which the CT domain of BCM1 interacts with the CT domains of GUN4 and SGR1 to achieve precise regulation of chlorophyll homeostasis. This model further clarifies how plants achieve precise regulation of chlorophyll metabolism during their adaptation to the terrestrial environment.   Click here to learn more about Professor Peng Wang’s research group.   About the research paper: Journal title: “Fu D., Zhou H., Grimm B., and Wang P.* The BCM1-EGY1 module balances chlorophyll biosynthesis and breakdown to confer chlorophyll homeostasis in land plants. Molecular Plant 2024”.  The journal paper can be accessed from here.    Professor Peng WANG The School of Biological Sciences

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HKU deeply saddened by the passing of renowned Nobel Laureate and Chair Professor, Professor Sir Fraser Stoddart

The University of Hong Kong (HKU) is deeply saddened by the recent passing of Professor Sir Fraser Stoddart, Nobel Laureate and Chair Professor in the Department of Chemistry. Professor Stoddart's legacy as a distinguished Nobel Laureate in Chemistry is exemplified by his commitment to the advancement of science and his transformative research, which changed the way chemists think about materials science and molecular nanotechnology – not only during his lifetime but for generations to come. The University was privileged to have Professor Stoddart as a Chair Professor in the Department of Chemistry, where he established a cutting-edge laboratory to advance research in a wide range of areas, including molecular machines and carbohydrate chemistry. Together with the team of outstanding scholars and students he assembled, Professor Stoddart contributed to the enhancement of HKU's profile and prestige as a leading institution in teaching and research globally. The University extends its deepest condolences to the family and friends of Professor Stoddart. HKU honours his noble achievements and exceptional life, his enduring international impact on science and research, his passion for and support of his students’ development, and his invaluable contributions as a member of the HKU family. The University community now joins together in mourning the loss of a visionary scholar and esteemed colleague.  

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